The liquids involved have to be immiscible in order to form two layers upon contact. Many liquid-liquid extractions are based on acid-base chemistry. Washing is also used as a step in the recrystallization procedure to remove the impurity containing mother liquor adhering to the crystal surface. Strictly speaking, the two operations are targeting different parts in the mixture: while the extraction removes the target compound from an impure matrix, the washing removes impurities from the target compound i.e., water by extraction with saturated sodium chloride solution. A standard method used for this task is an extraction or often also referred to as washing. These compounds have to be removed in the process of isolating the pure product. After a reaction is completed, the solution often times does not only contain the desired product, but also undesired byproducts of the reaction, unreacted starting material(s) and the catalyst (if it was used).
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